Avaliação teórica do uso do oxihidróxido de vanádio trivalente na detecção eletroquímica de nandrolona / The theoretical evaluation of the use of trivalent vanadium oxyhydroxide in the electrochemical determination of nandrolone

RESUMO Pela primeira vez foi descrito um caso interessante de uso do oxihidróxido de vanádio trivalente (VO(OH)) como modificador de elétrodo na detecção eletroquímica de nandrolona. Foi mostrado que o oxihidróxido de vanádio pode ser um modificador eficiente para a detecção de nandrolona, mas, ao contrário da maioria dos casos de uso de oxihidróxido de cobalto, composto parecido, o processo é catódico e dá-se em meio moderadamente ácido a neutro. O comportamento oscilatório, no sistema, é possível apenas por causa das influências do processo da eletrorredução de vanádio tetravalente em trivalente na dupla camada elétrica.

SUMMARY An interesting case of the use of trivalent vanadium oxyhydroxide (VO(OH)) as an electrode modifier for nandrolone electrochemical determination has been described for the first time. It was shown that vanadium (III) oxyhydroxide may be an efficient electrode modifier for nandrolone determination, but, contrarily to the majority of the cases of the use of cobalt (III) oxyhydroxide, which is a relative compound, the process is cathodic and it is realized in moderately acid solutions, tending to neutral. The oscillatory behavior in the system is possible, due to the influence of the electrochemical reduction of tetravalent vanadium to trivalent in double electric layer.

Impact of chronic administration of anabolic androgenic steroids and taurine on blood pressure in rats

Supraphysiological administration of anabolic androgenic steroids has been linked to increased blood pressure. The widely distributed amino acid taurine seems to be an effective depressor agent in drug-induced hypertension. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of chronic high dose administration of nandrolone decanoate (DECA) and taurine on blood pressure in rats and to verify the potentially involved mechanisms. The study was conducted in 4 groups of 8 adult male Wistar rats, aged 14 weeks, treated for 12 weeks with: DECA (A group); vehicle (C group); taurine (T group), or with both drugs (AT group). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured at the beginning of the study (SBP1), 2 (SBP2) and 3 months (SBP3) later. Plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and plasma end products of nitric oxide metabolism (NOx) were also determined. SBP3 and SBP2 were significantly increased compared to SBP1 only in the A group (P<0.002 for both). SBP2, SBP3 and ACE activity showed a statistically significant increase in the A vs C (P<0.005), andvs AT groups (P<0.05), while NOx was significantly decreased in the A and AT groups vs controls (P=0.01). ACE activity was strongly correlated with SBP3 in the A group (r=0.71, P=0.04). These findings suggest that oral supplementation of taurine may prevent the increase in SBP induced by DECA, an effect potentially mediated by angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Effects of nandrolone decanoate on spermatogenesis in Wistar rats with and without physical training / Efectos del decanoato de nandrolona sobre la espermatogénesis en ratas Wistar con y sin entrenamiento físico

Androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are artificial testosterone analogues, used as medicine in chronic diseases, because they increase protein synthesis generating muscle hypertrophy. Its effect has caught the attention of athletes and gym users, thus their consumption has become epidemic, due to easy marketing, the immediate results and the false impression that it doesn't carry health risks. Such risks may globally harm the body. This study aims to investigate the influence on spermatogenesis of using nandrolone decanoate with or without physical training. Twenty-four rats, divided into four groups were used: sedentary group (SG), sedentary on steroids group (SSG), trained group (TG) and trained on steroids group (TSG). The animals were trained on voluntary exercise wheel twice a week during 12 weeks, and were subsequently euthanized by decapitation. Groups TSG and SSG received intramuscular injections of 5 mg / kg of the AAS. It was found that there was a greater cellularity in TSG, suggesting interference between androgen therapy and physical training on the mount of cells in the seminiferous epithelium. Comparing the TSG group with the SG, it is noticed that the physical training associated with the use of steroid tends to affect cell division without compromise, however, the number of spermatogonia, did not significantly vary compared to the control group. Finally, it seems that there was no significant statistical difference among the groups in terms of spermatogenesis yield, so that can not be said that the use of nandrolone decanoate, with or without the physical training, interfere with fertility.

Los esteroides anabólicos androgénicos (EAA) son análogos de testosterona artificiales, utilizados como medicina en las enfermedades crónicas, ya que aumentan la síntesis de proteínas generando hipertrofia muscular. Su efecto ha llamado la atención de atletas y usuarios de gimnasios, por lo que su consumo se ha convertido en epidemia, debido a la comercialización fácil, los resultados inmediatos y la falsa impresión de que no conllevan riesgos para la salud. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la influencia de utilizar decanoato de nandrolona con o sin entrenamiento físico sobre la espermatogénesis. Se utilizaron 24 ratas, divididas en cuatro grupos: entrenado (GE), entrenado en esteroides (GEE), sedentario en esteroides (GSE) y sedentario (GS). Los grupos GEE y GSE recibieron inyecciones intramusculares de 5 mg/kg de la EAA. Los animales fueron entrenados con ejercicio voluntario en la rueda de correr dos veces por semana durante 12 semanas. Luego, los animales fueron sacrificados por decapitación. Se encontró que hubo una mayor celularidad en GEE, lo que sugiere la interferencia entre la terapia con andrógenos y entrenamiento físico en la cantidad de células en el epitelio seminífero. Comparando el grupo GEE con el GS, se observa que el entrenamiento físico asociado con el uso de esteroides tiende a afectar a la división celular sin comprometerla, sin embargo, el número de espermatogonias, no varió significativamente en comparación con el grupo control. Finalmente, no hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos en términos de rendimiento de la espermatogénesis, por lo que no se puede decir que el uso del decanoato de nandrolona, con o sin el entrenamiento físico, interfiere con la fertilidad.

Effects of anabolic steroid treatment associated with physical training in adipose tissue of male Wistar rats / Efeito do tratamento com anabolizante associado com atividade física no tecido adiposo de ratos machos Wistar

Anabolic androgenic-steroids (AAS) include a broad class of synthetic derivatives of testosterone, being nandrolone decanoate the most widely used in sports environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic effects of nandrolone decanoate in sedentary and trained adult male rats. We established four experimental groups: sedentary control, sedentary treated, trained control and trained treated. The training had consisted of running on a treadmill for nine weeks. Treated animals received intramuscular injections of nandrolone decanoate (0.5 mg kg-1) during the last four weeks of physical training. The training time as the drug used were not sufficient to significantly reduce body weight gain, but caused a significative decrease on diameter of adipocytes and in the amount of adipose tissue stored, as well as decreased the plasma levels of glucose and total cholesterol.

Os esteróides anabólicos androgênios incluem uma ampla classe de derivados sintéticos da testosterona, sendo o decanoato de nandrolona um dos mais utilizados no meio esportivo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos metabólicos desse anabolizante esteróide em ratos machos adultos sedentários e treinados. Foram estabelecidos quatro grupos experimentais: sedentário controle, sedentário tratado, treinado controle e treinado tratado. O treinamento consistiu de corrida em esteira ergométrica durante nove semanas. Os animais tratados receberam injeção intramuscular de decanoato de nandrolona (0.5 mg kg-1) durante as quatro últimas semanas de treinamento físico. Tanto o tempo de treinamento, quanto a dose de anabolizante utilizado não foi eficiente para reduzir significativamente o ganho de peso corporal, mas causou reduções significativas no diâmetro dos adipócitos e na quantidade de tecido adiposo armazenado, assim como diminuiu os valores plasmáticos de glicose e de colesterol total.

Effects of nandrolone decanoate on the viability of muscle satellite cells during the differentiation process / Influencia del anabolizante decanoato de nandrolona en la viabilidad de las células satélites musculares en el proceso de diferenciación / Influência do anabolizante decanoato de nandrolona sobre a viabilidade de células satélites musculares em processo de diferenciação

Studies indicate that the anabolic nandrolone decanoate (Deca-Durabolin(r)) can modulate cell cycle regulation, but little is known about its effects on muscle cells. Anabolic steroids are used, especially by athletes, to improve muscle mass and performance in the practice of exercises. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the anabolic Deca-Durabolin(r) on the proliferation of skeletal muscle precursor cells C2C12. Cells were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), being supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and subjected to differentiation by the addition of 2% horse serum. They were incubated with anabolic at concentrations of 5, 10, 25 and 50 µM. The groups that received no anabolic or vehicle served as controls. The viability (proliferation) was evaluated by the MTT method (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; Thiazolyl blue) after one, three and five days of incubation. Three independent experiments were performed in each of the mentioned conditions, and the results were submitted to statistical analysis with significance level of p≤0.05 (ANOVA/Dunnett). Results showed no difference in viability between muscle cells treated with anabolic and the control cultures in all parameters. In conclusion, nandrolone, at the used concentrations, was not able to alter the viability of muscle C2C12 satellite cells...

Se utilizan los anabolizantes, en particular por atletas con el objetivo de aumentar la masa muscular y mejoría del desempeño. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del anabolizante Deca- Durabolin(r) sobre la viabilidad (proliferación) de las células satélites musculares C2C12 inducidas a la diferenciación, imitando el proceso de reparación tras una lesión. Las células fueron cultivadas en medio Eagle modificado por Dulbecco (DMEM) suplementado con 10% de suero fetal bovino (SFB) y sometidas a diferenciación mediante la adición de 2% de suero de caballo y, simultáneamente, incubadas con el anabolizante en las concentraciones de 5 , 10 , 25 y 50 µM. En los grupos que no recibieron el anabolizante, ni el vehículo sirvió como controle . La viabilidad (proliferación) se evaluó después de uno, tres y cinco días, utilizando el método de MTT (3 - [4,5 - dimetiltriazol - 2 - il ] -2,5 difeniltetrazolio) . Se realizaron tres experimentos independientes, en cada condición citada, y los resultados sometidos al análisis estadístico con nivel de significación de p≤0,05% (ANOVA/Dunnett). Los resultados permitieron verificar que no hubo diferencia en la viabilidad entre células musculares tratadas con anabolizante e inducidas a diferenciación y culturas de controles que sólo fueron inducidas a diferenciación en todos los parámetros evaluados. En conclusión, el anabolizante decanoato de nandrolona, en las concentraciones evaluadas, no fue capaz de alterar la viabilidad de células musculares C2C12 durante el proceso de diferenciación...

Os anabolizantes são utilizados, especialmente por atletas, com o intuito de aumento da massa muscular e melhora do desempenho. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito do anabolizante Deca-Durabolin(r) sobre a viabilidade (proliferação) de células satélites musculares C2C12 induzidas à diferenciação, mimetizando o processo de reparo após lesão. As células foram cultivadas em Meio Eagle Modificado por Dulbecco (DMEM) suplementado com 10% de Soro Fetal Bovino (SFB) e submetidas à diferenciação pela adição de 2% de soro de cavalo e concomitantemente incubadas com o anabolizante nas concentrações de 5, 10, 25 e 50 µM. Os grupos que não receberam o anabolizante nem o veículo serviram como controle. A viabilidade (proliferação) foi avaliada após um, três e cinco dias, utilizando o método de MTT (3-[4,5-dimetiltriazol-2-il]-2,5 difeniltetrazólio). Foram realizados três experimentos independentes, em cada condição citada, e os resultados submetidos à análise estatística com nível de significância de p≤0,05% (ANOVA/Dunnet). Os resultados permitiram verificar que não houve diferença na viabilidade entre células musculares tratadas com o anabolizante e induzidas à diferenciação e as culturas controles que somente foram induzidas à diferenciação, em todos os parâmetros avaliados. Em conclusão, o anabolizante decanoato de nandrolona, nas concentrações avaliadas, não foi capaz de alterar a viabilidade de células musculares C2C12 durante o processo de diferenciação...

Inflnence of benzyl propionate nandrolone in Nampt expression in NIT-1 cells and insulin secretion / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective To study the effects of benzyl propionate nandrolone (BPN ) on the nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (Nampt), insulin receptor substeate-2 (IRS-2 )and pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1)expressions, cell cycle changes as well as insulin secretion in pancreatic islet cell NIT-1 lines, and to explore the influence of BPN in the Nampte xpression in NIT-1 cells and insulin signaling molecules in high glucose oxidation stress.Methods The NIT-1 cells were cultured with different concentrations (5.6,11.1,16.7,and 27.6 mmol·L-1)of glucose,then they were treated with 10 mg·L-1 BPN for 48 h with no BPN treatment as corresponding control groups.The expression levels of Nampt,IRS-2,and PDX-1 were tested by Western blotting assay.The changes of cell cycle were determined by FCM and the cell insulin secretion levels were measured with radioimmunoassay.Results Compared with corresponding control groups,the expression levels of Nampt,IRS-2, and PDX-1 proteins in the NIT-1 cells in various BPM groups were increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The G0/G1 phase arrest was relieved (P<0.01)when the cells was cultured in low glucose (5.6 mmol·L-1 )condition,and the G2/M block was remitted significantly in high glucose (27.6 mmol·L-1 )condition (P<0.01),furthermore, the cell insulin secretion was promoted compared with control groups except 1 1.1 mmol· L-1 glucose group (P<0.01).Conclusion BPN can promote the expression levels of Nampt,ISR-2 and PDX-1 proteins in NIT-1 cells. There is close relationship between the Nampt expression in NIT-1 cells and insulin signaling pathway and BPN prevents the cells from insulin resistance.

The prostate after administration of anabolic androgenic steroids: a morphometrical study in rats

Purpose Many adverse effects have been associated with abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), including disorders of the urogenital tract. The objective of this study is to analyze the morphological modifications in the prostate ventral lobe of pubertal and adult rats chronically treated with AAS, using morphometric methods. Materials and Methods: We studied 39 male Wistar rats weighing between 400 g and 550 g. The rats were divided into four groups: (a) control rats, with 105 days of age (C105) (n = 7); (b) control rats with 65 days of age (C65) (n = 9), injected only with the vehicle (peanut oil); (c) treated rats, with 105 days of age (T105) (n = 10) and (d) treated rats with 65 days of age (T65) (n = 13). The treated rats were injected with nandrolone decanoate at a dose of 10 mg.Kg-1 body weight. The steroid hormone and the vehicle were administered by intramuscular injection once a week for eight weeks. The rats were killed at 161 days of age (C105 and T105) and 121 days of age (C65 and T65) and the ventral prostate lobe was dissected and processed for histology. The height of the acinar epithelium, the surface densities of the lumen, epithelium and stroma were observed with X400 magnification using an Olympus light microscope coupled to a Sony CCD video camera, and the images transferred to a Sony monitor KX14-CP1. The selected histological areas were then quantified using the M42 test-grid system on the digitized fields. The data were analyzed with the Graphpad software. To compare the quantitative data in both groups (controls and treated) and the outcomes, Student's t-test was used (p < 0.05 was considered significant). Results: The weight (p < 0.001) and volume (p = 0.004) of the prostate ventral lobe showed differences between C65 and T65 groups and between C105 and T105 groups. The epithelium height showed no difference between groups C65 and T65 (p = 0.8509), but the T105 group showed an increase of 32% compared ...

Testis morphophysiology of rats treated with nandrolone decanoate and submitted to physical training / Morfofisiologia testicular de ratos tratados com decanoato de nandrolona e submetidos ao treinamento físico

The mammalian testis is a complex organ with endocrine and exocrine functions. It consists of seminiferous tubules where the production of the male gametes called spermatogenesis occurs. This process is influenced by a number of factors including the use of physical performance-enhancing drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the anabolic steroid nandrolone decanoate on the morphofunctional structure of testes in sedentary rats and rats subjected to moderate aerobic exercise training. Twenty-four male rats were divided into four experimental groups: sedentary control, sedentary treated, trained control and trained treated.The training lasted eight weeks and consisted of running on a programmable ergometer treadmill, tailored to train eight rats simultaneously. Treated animals received intramuscular injections of nandrolone decanoate (0.5 mg kg-1 body weight) during the last four weeks of physical training, while the control groups received intramuscular injections of vehicle (vegetable oil).The male reproductive system morphology showed that treatment with nandrolone decanoate, in both sedentary and trained rats, promoted morphological and functional changes that result in reduced efficiency of spermatogenesis.

O testículo de mamíferos é um órgão complexo com funções endócrinas e exócrinas. É composto por túbulos seminíferos, local onde ocorre a espermatogênese, processo de produção dos gametas masculinos. Este processo é influenciado por uma série de drogas potencializadoras do desempenho físico, que são utilizadas para melhorar a performance. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do anabolizante esteróide decanoato de nandrolona sobre a estrutura morfofuncional de testículos de ratos sedentários e submetidos ao treinamento físico aeróbico moderado. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro ratos machos divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: sedentário controle, sedentário tratado, treinado controle e treinado tratado. O treinamento teve duração de oito semanas e consistiu de corrida em esteira ergométrica programável, adaptada para treinar oito ratos simultaneamente. Os grupos tratados receberam injeção intramuscular de decanoato de nandrolona (0,5 mg kg -1) durante as quatro últimas semanas de treinamento físico, enquanto os grupos controles receberam injeção intramuscular do veículo (óleo vegetal). Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento com o decanoato de nandrolona, tanto em ratos sedentários como submetidos ao exercício físico, promove alterações morfofuncionais que resultam na redução da eficiência da espermatogênese.

Use of the anabolic steroid nandrolone decanoate associated to strength training in Wistar rats / Uso do esteróide anabólico decanoato de nandrolona associado ao treinamento de força em ratos Wistar

Anabolic steroids have been constantly used among athletes and physically active individuals. Adverse effects of such use are reported in the literature. However, little is known about the effects of anabolic steroid use associated with strength training. Thus, this research aimed to identify possible morphophysiological alterations in Wistar rats treated with the anabolic steroid nandrolone decanoate and submitted to strength training. Twenty Wistar rats were divided in four groups: sedentary control (SC), sedentary hormone (SH), trained control (TC) and trained hormone (TH). After the experimental protocol period, animals were killed and body weight, adiposity, renal and hepatic injury markers, plasmatic lipid profile, glycemia, and insulinemia were determined. The experimental conditions strength training and nandrolone decanoate (isolated or associated) were positively correlated to a reduction on visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The association of strength training with nandrolone decanoate was the most effective condition to increase muscle mass. Heart and kidneys weights, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration were also negatively modified. The data demonstrated effects of anabolic steroids in body composition, with better results when associated with strength training, but collateral effects were observed.

Os esteróides anabólicos são usados indiscriminadamente entre atletas e praticantes de atividades físicas sendo que os efeitos adversos desse uso constam na literatura. Contudo, pouco se sabe dos efeitos do uso de esteróides anabólicos associados ao treinamento de força. Assim, este estudo objetivou identificar possíveis alterações morfofisiológicas em ratos Wistar tratados com decanoato de nandrolona e submetidos ao treinamento de força. Para atingir tal propósito, vinte ratos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos: sedentário controle (SC), sedentário hormônio (SH), treinado controle (TC) e treinado hormônio (TH). Após o período experimental, foram analisados o peso corporal, a adiposidade, marcadores de lesões hepáticas e renais, o perfil lipídico, a glicemia e a insulinemia. Foram observados efeitos do treinamento de força e do uso de decanoato de nandrolona (isolados ou associados) nos tecidos adiposos viscerais e subcutâneo. A associação de treinamento de força e uso de decanoato de nandrolona foi mais efetiva para aumentar a massa muscular. Os pesos dos rins e coração, e concentrações de aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) foram negativamente modificados. Os dados demonstram efeitos do esteróide anabólico sobre a composição corporal, com melhores resultados obtidos com a associação ao treinamento de força, contudo efeitos colaterais foram observados.

Effects of nandrolone decanoate and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle in adult male rats / Efectos del decanoato de nandrolona y el ejercicio de resistencia en el músculo esquelético de ratas machos adultos

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of resistance exercise associated or not with nandrolone decanoate (ND) on skeletal muscles and body mass of adult male rats. Training protocol consisted of 15 jump sessions, for 6 weeks. ND (5mg/kg) was administered twice a week. The exercise was effective in inducing respective enlargements in fiber areas of extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles. ND associate with exercise was also able to induce increases in fiber areas these muscles. In untrained group that received nandrolone decanoate an improved in muscular parameters could be observed. In conclusion, the resistance exercise was able to promote an enlargement in fiber areas of both muscles studied without ND treatment, indicating that after a period of time of adaptation to exercise, the muscular effects caused by ND could be achieved in the same way by exercise, without ND and without risks for health.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los efectos del ejercicio de resistencia con o sin decanoato de nandrolona (DN) en el músculo esquelético y la masa corporal de ratas macho adultas. El protocolo de entrenamiento consistió en 15 sesiones durante 6 semanas de saltos. DN 5mg/kg se administró dos veces durante la semana. El ejercicio fue efectivo para inducir un aumento en el área de las fibras de los músculos extensor largo de los dedos y sóleo. El DN asociado con el ejercicio fue capaz de inducir un aumento en el área de las fibras de los músculos. En el grupo de DN sin entrenamiento, se observó un aumento en los parámetros musculares evaluados. El ejercicio de resistencia sin DN fue capaz de promover un aumento en el área de las fibras de los músculos, lo que indica que después de un período de adaptación al ejercicio, el efecto en los músculos causada por la DN se logró por el ejercicio, sin una gestión DN y los consiguientes peligros para la salud.

Vascular adaptive responses to physical exercise and to stress are affected differently by nandrolone administration

Androgenic anabolic steroid, physical exercise and stress induce cardiovascular adaptations including increased endothelial function. The present study investigated the effects of these conditions alone and in combination on the vascular responses of male Wistar rats. Exercise was started at 8 weeks of life (60-min swimming sessions 5 days per week for 8 weeks, while carrying a 5 percent body-weight load). One group received nandrolone (5 mg/kg, twice per week for 8 weeks, im). Acute immobilization stress (2 h) was induced immediately before the experimental protocol. Curves for noradrenaline were obtained for thoracic aorta, with and without endothelium from sedentary and trained rats, submitted or not to stress, treated or not with nandrolone. None of the procedures altered the vascular reactivity to noradrenaline in denuded aorta. In intact aorta, stress and exercise produced vascular adaptive responses characterized by endothelium-dependent hyporeactivity to noradrenaline. These conditions in combination did not potentiate the vascular adaptive response. Exercise-induced vascular adaptive response was abolished by nandrolone. In contrast, the aortal reactivity to noradrenaline of sedentary rats and the vascular adaptive response to stress of sedentary and trained rats were not affected by nandrolone. Maximum response for 7-10 rats/group (g): sedentary 3.8 ± 0.2 vs trained 3.0 ± 0.2*; sedentary/stress 2.7 ± 0.2 vs trained/stress 3.1 ± 0.1*; sedentary/nandrolone 3.6 ± 0.1 vs trained/nandrolone 3.8 ± 0.1; sedentary/stress/nandrolone 3.2 ± 0.1 vs trained/stress/nandrolone 2.5 ± 0.1*; *P < 0.05 compared to its respective control. Stress and physical exercise determine similar vascular adaptive response involving distinct mechanisms as indicated by the observation that only the physical exercise-induced adaptive response was abolished by nandrolone.

Perfil eletrocardiográfico e conteúdo glicogênico muscular de ratos tratados com nandrolona / Electrocardiographic profile and muscle glycogen content of rats treated with nandrolone / Perfil electrocardiográfico y contenido glicogénico muscular de ratones tratados con nandrolona

FUNDAMENTO: Considerou-se o uso indiscriminado de esteroides tanto por atletas de elite quanto por praticantes de atividades físicas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do decanoato de nandrolona sobre o perfil eletrocardiográfico, conteúdo glicogênico e de proteínas totais dos músculos cardíacos e esqueléticos, bem como as concentrações plasmática de albumina. MÉTODOS: Os animais do grupo tratado receberam a droga na concentração 5 mg/kg pela via subcutânea, duas vezes por semana, durante três semanas. Uma vez por semana, os ratos foram anestesiados com Pentobarbital sódico (50 mg/kg, ip) e submetidos à avaliação por meio do eletrocardiograma (ECG). Após o período experimental, amostras dos músculos cardíaco (ventrículo esquerdo - VE), sóleo (S), gastrocnêmio branco (GB), gastrocnêmio vermelho (GV), peitoral (P), intercostal (IC) e diafragma (D) foram prontamente coletadas e analisadas. Os dados (média ± epm) foram avaliados de acordo com ANOVA, segundo teste de Tukey (p>0,05). RESULTADOS: Os ratos do grupo tratado apresentaram alterações nos seguintes parâmetros cardíacos: intervalo QRS, intervalo QTc e frequência cardíaca, caracterizados por um aumento desses, tendo o ápice no intervalo da semana de pré-tratamento para a primeira semana. As reservas de glicogênio no VE apresentaram aumento de 127 por cento. Em relação à quantidade de proteínas totais, a diferença significativa foi constatada no S, GV e D. Quanto ao perfil bioquímico e ao hematócrito, foi observado um aumento na porcentagem de eritrócitos. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo mostra que importantes alterações cardíacas são deflagradas precocemente, sugerindo uma hierarquia na sequência de modificações que comprometem a homeostasia do organismo.

BACKGROUND: We considered both the indiscriminate use of steroids by top athletes and by physically active individuals. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of nandrolone decanoate on the electrocardiographic profile, glycogen content and total-protein profile of skeletal and cardiac muscles, as well as the plasma albumin concentrations. METHODS: The drug was administered subcutaneously, at a concentration of 5 mg/kg, twice a week for three weeks, to animals in the treated group. Once a week, the rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, ip) and they underwent an electrocardiogram (ECG). After the trial period, samples of the cardiac muscle (left ventricle - LV), soleus muscle (S), white gastrocnemius muscle (WG), red gastrocnemius muscle (RG), pectoral muscle (P), intercostal muscle (IC) and diaphragm muscle (D) were promptly collected and analyzed. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and then a Tukey test (p>0.05) were carried out to assess the data (mean ± sem). RESULTS: There were changes in the following parameters of rats in the treated group: QRS interval, QTc interval and heart rate, characterized by an increase in these parameters, with the peak being reached in the period between the pre-treatment week and the first week. There was an increase of 127 percent in glycogen reserves in the LV. In relation to the total-protein amount, the significant difference was found in S, RG and D. As for the hematocrit and biochemical profile, it was possible to notice an increase in the percentage of erythrocytes. CONCLUSION: The study shows that major cardiac changes are triggered at an early stage, which indicates a hierarchy in the sequence of changes that compromise the homeostasis of the body.

FUNDAMENTO: Se consideró el uso indiscriminado de esteroides tanto por atletas de elite como por practicantes de actividades físicas. OBJETIVO: Evaluar los efectos del decanoato de nandrolona sobre el perfil electrocardiográfico, contenido glicogénico y de proteínas totales de los músculos cardíacos y esqueléticos, así como las concentraciones plasmática de albúmina. MÉTODOS: Los animales del grupo tratado recibieron la droga en la concentración 5mg/kg por vía subcutánea, dos veces por semana, durante tres semanas. Una vez por semana, los ratones fueron anestesiados con Pentobarbital sódico (50mg/Kg, ip) y sometidos a evaluación por medio de electrocardiograma (ECG). Después del período experimental, muestras de los músculos cardíaco (ventrículo izquierdo - VI), sóleo (S), gastrocnemio blanco (GB), gastrocnemio rojo (GV), pectoral (P), intercostal (IC) y diafragma (D) fueron colectadas y analizadas. Los datos (media±epm) fueron evaluados de acuerdo con ANOVA, segundo test de Tukey (p>0,05). RESULTADOS: Los ratones del grupo tratado presentaron alteraciones en los siguientes parámetros cardíacos: intervalo QRS, intervalo QTc y frecuencia cardíaca, caracterizados por un aumento de estos, teniendo el ápice en el intervalo de la semana de pretratamiento a la primera semana. Las reservas de glicógeno en el VI presentaron aumento de 127 por ciento. En relación a la cantidad de proteínas totales, una diferencia significativa fue constatada en el S, GV y D. En cuanto al perfil bioquímico y al hematocrito, fue observado un aumento en el porcentaje de eritrocitos. CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio muestra que importantes alteraciones cardíacas son provocadas precozmente, sugiriendo una jerarquía en la secuencia de modificaciones que comprometen la homeostasia del organismo.

Hipersensibilidad tipo I asociada a la administración de nandrolona, boldenona y dexametasona en un equino pura sangre de carrera / Hypersensitivity type i associated with the administration of nandrolone, boldenone and dexamethasone on a thoroughbred race horse

El doping consiste en la administración ilícita de fármacos o de otros agentes en animales de competición con la intención de alterar su rendimiento físico, ya sea en sentido positivo o negativo. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar un caso de hipersensibilidad tipo I asociado a administración ilícita de nandrolona, boldenona y dexametasona. Se remite un equino (Pura Sangre de Carrera), de 5 años, con historia de colapso y muerte súbita post administración de fármaco desconocido. Se tomaron muestras de sangre y orina para estudios toxicológicos mediante la técnica de ELISA competitivo. Se le práctico la técnica de necropsia, fueron colectadas muestras de tejido pulmonar, hepático, renal, gástrico, esplénico, corazón y sistema nervioso central para estudio histopatológico, las muestras fueron procesados por los métodos convencionales histológicos. Los hallazgos de necropsia fueron flebitis severa en vena yugular derecha, con hematoma en el surco yugular. Edema severo de glotis, edema, congestión y hemorragia pulmonar. Hemorragia petequial subendocardica. Bazo esplenocontraido y con focos de necrosis de coagulación. Hidronefrosis aguda con hematuria. Hígado con patrón lobulillar acentuado. El resto de los órganos con evidente congestión y hemorragia. Los cortes histológicos evidenciaron edema, congestión y hemorragia pulmonar severa. Hemorragia subepicardica marcada. Edema subcapsular esplénico y necrosis centro-folicular. Degeneración hidropica tubular, necrosis tubular aguda. Necrosis de corteza renal. Los estudios toxicológicos permitieron la detección de boldenona, nandrolona y dexametasona genérica en las muestras de sangre y orina. En conclusión se reporta un síndrome de hipersensibilidad tipo I asociado a la administración nandrolona, boldenona y dexametasona

The doping is the administration of illicit drugs or other agents in animal competition with the intention of altering its physical performance, whether positive or negative. The aim of this study was to report a case of type I hypersensitivity associated with illicit administration of nandrolone, boldenone and dexamethasone. Reference is an equine (Thoroughbreds), 5 years old with a history of collapse and sudden death after the administration of medication unknown. Samples of blood and urine were recollected for toxicological by competitive ELISA. Tissue samples were collected by necropsy of lung, liver, kidney, stomach, spleen, heart and central nervous system for histopathological study, the samples were processed by conventional histological methods. The necropsy findings were severe phlebitis right jugular vein, with hematoma in the jugular furrow. Severe edema of glottis, pulmonary congestion and hemorrhage. Subendocardial petechial hemorrhage. Spleen foci of coagulation necrosis. Acute hydronephrosis and hematury. Liver with accentuated lobular pattern. The rest of the bodies with obvious congestion and hemorrhage. The histological sections showed edema, congestion and severe pulmonary hemorrhage. Marked subepicardial hemorrhage. Edema and necrosis of splenic subcapsular follicular center. Tubular hydropic degeneration, acute tubular necrosis. Necrosis of renal cortex. Toxicological studies allowed the detection of boldenone, nandrolone and dexamethasone generic in blood and urine samples. In conclusion we report a type I hypersensitivity syndrome associated with the administration nandrolone, boldenone and dexamethasone

Esteróides anabólicos e exercício: ação e efeitos colaterais / Anabolic steroids and exercise: action and collateral effects

A busca do aprimoramento no condicionamento físico é notória, visando melhorar a performance atlética ou com objetivos estéticos. Para isso, nem sempre se utilizam apenas técnicas de treinamento, sendo crescente a utilização de agentes ilícitos, como exemplo, os hormônios anabolizantes e substâncias estimulantes. Em relação aos hormônios esteróides anabólicos, sua utilização está alcançando níveis extremos entre os praticantes de atividades físicas, geralmente utilizadas de maneira incorreta, com doses inadequadas, colocando em risco a saúde do usuário. Esteróides anabólicos são derivados sintéticos da testosterona, tendo propriedades androgênicas e anabólicas, sua administração potencializa a síntese protéica e causa a hipertrofia da musculatura esquelética, respostas intensificadas quando combinadas com o exercício de força. Além da utilização no esporte, os esteróides anabólicos são empregados na clínica médica em situações onde é necessária a estimulação da síntese protéica.

The search for the improvement in the physical conditioning is widely known, aiming at improving the athletic performance or at aesthetic objetives. To get that, people do not always use only training techniques, being the use of agents, most of them illicit, for example, the anabolic hormone and stimulant substances. In relation to the use of anabolic steroids hormones we can say it is reaching extreme levels among people who practice physical activities, usually used wrongly, in inadequate doses, putting at risks the user's health. Anabolics steroids are synthetic from testosterone, having androgenic and anabolic properties, theis administrations increase the proteic synthesis and causes the skeletal musculature hypertrophy and these answers are highlighted when combined with strength exercise. Besides being used in sports, we find great utility in clinical medicine to the anabolic steroids, being used in situations in which it is necessary proteic synthesis increasing.

Effect of the nandrolone decanoate on the efficiency of spermatogenesis of sedentary rats and rats subjected to physical training / Efeito do decanoato de nandrolona sobre a eficiência da espermatogênese de ratos sedentários e ratos submetidos a treinamento físico

Spermatogenesis is a complex, highly organized and coordinated process that results in the production of male gametes. This process is influenced by a number of drugs that enhance physical performance, which have been used mainly by young people, athletes or not, seeking to gain athletic performance or only a prominent social position. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the anabolic steroid nandrolone decanoate on the efficiency of spermatogenesis in sedentary rats and rats subjected to physical training. Twenty-four male rats were divided into four experimental groups: sedentary control, sedentary treated, trained control and trained treated. Treated animals received intramuscular injection of nandrolone decanoate (0.5 mg kg-1 body weight) during the last four weeks of physical training. The training program consisted of running on a programmable ergometer treadmill, tailored to train eight rats simultaneously, for nine weeks. We evaluated the morphological and morphoquantitative profiles of the male reproductive system. The results showed that the treatment causes a reduction in the efficiency of spermatogenesis; however, when associated with physical training, this compensates for the anabolic action, keeping the process of spermatogenesis within normality.

A espermatogênese é um processo complexo, altamente organizado e coordenado, que resulta na produção dos gametas masculinos. Este processo é influenciado por uma série de drogas potencializadoras do desempenho físico, as quais têm sido utilizadas principalmente, por jovens, atletas ou não, que buscam adquirir maior desempenho esportivo ou mesmo apenas uma posição de destaque na sociedade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do anabolizante esteroide decanoato de nandrolona na eficiência da espermatogênese de ratos sedentários e submetidos ao treinamento físico. Foram utilizados 24 ratos machos divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: sedentário-controle, sedentário tratado, treinado-controle e treinado tratado. Os animais tratados receberam injeção intramuscular de decanoato de nandrolona (0,5 mg kg-1) durante as quatro últimas semanas de treinamento físico. O programa de treinamento consistiu de corrida em esteira ergométrica programável, adaptada para treinar oito ratos simultaneamente, durante nove semanas. Foi avaliado o perfil morfológico e morfoquantitativo do sistema reprodutor masculino. Os resultados demonstraram que o tratamento causa redução da eficiência da espermatogênese, no entanto, o treinamento físico quando associado compensa a ação do anabolizante, mantendo o processo de espermatogênese normal.

Efeitos colaterais dos esteróides anabolizantes sintéticos / Collateral effects of synthetical steroids anabolics

A utilização de recursos ergogênicos, principalmente farmacológicos como os esteróides anabolizantes sintéticos, tem como objetivo proporcionar vantagem física e, ou estética ao usuário. Geralmente sua utilização está associada a esportes de força, pois, sua ação está relacionada ao aumento da síntese protéica gerando assim o aumento da massa muscular, melhorando a performance atlética ou atingindo o “corpo ideal”. O uso indiscriminado e os efeitos dos esteróides anabolizantes no esporte tem sido discutidos com freqüência, uma vez que a dosagem utilizada geralmente é incorreta, pois, a indicação nem sempre é feita por profi ssionais habilitados, possibilitando a utilização de doses excessivas, colocando em risco a saúde do usuário. Apesar de existirem muitos estudos indicando os possíveis efeitos benéficos dos esteróides anabolizantes, uma vez que também são utilizados na clínica médica, é importante salientar os efeitos indesejados produzidos pelo uso inadequado destas drogas.

The utilization of the ergogenic resource, mainly pharmacological like synthetical anabolic steroid, supply physical or an esthetics advantage to the user. Usually, its utilization is associated to strength sports, because it afford the protein synthesis rate, resulting in the muscular mass increase, improving the athletic performance or getting the perfect body. The abusive use of anabolic steroid at sports has been argued frequently, because the dosage is always wrong and the utilization is never done by qualifi ed professionals, making possible the high dosages utilization, putting on risk the user’s health. There are a lot of researches indicating the possible anabolic steroid useful effects, once they are used at medical clinic, is important emphasize the undesirable effects made by the wrong use of these drugs.

Effects of nandrolone phenylpropionate on ultrastructure of aorta in rats with or without movement training / 上海第二医科大学学报

Objective To observe the influence of nandrolone phenylpropionate(NP) on the ultrastructure of aorta in rats with or without movement training,and investigate the side effects of NP on the cardiovascular system. Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into sedentary control group,sedentary+medicine group,exercise control group and exercise+medicine group.For the groups with medical treatment,NP of 10 mg/kg one time every three days was injected into the rats via gluteus for eight weeks.For the exercise groups,rats were trained to run on treadmill five days per week for eight weeks.The aortae were sampled and specimens were obtained for transmission electron microscopy. Results The ultrastructure of aorta was normal in sedentary control group.For sedentary+medicine group,mitochondrial swelling,vacuolated cytoplasm and lysis of endothelial cells were observed,disruption of intercellular conjunctions,widening of subendothelial spaces and furcation and breakage of internal elastic lamina were found,and smooth muscle cells changed into synthesis type.For exercise control group,no obvious morphologic change was observed,except that part of the internal elastic lamina disrupted.In exercise+medicine group,breakage and lysis of endothelial cells were observed,widening of subendothelial spaces and lysis of internal elastic lamina were found,and autophagosome and myelinoid body were seen in smooth muscle cells. Conclusion NP may lead to the impairment of endothelial cells and the change of smooth muscle cells into synthesis type.Exercise with NP administration may result in more severe impairment in vessel wall.

Effects of Adjuvant Androgen on Anemia and Nutritional Parameters in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients Using Low-dose Recombinant Human Erythropoietin

BACKGROUND: Recombiant human erythropoietin (epoetin) has greatly contributed to improvement of the anemia of chronic renal failure patients on hemodialysis. However, the reduced erythropoietic effect to epoetin and its high cost have induced lots of supplementary treatments. Therefore, we performed a prospective study to evaluate the effects of adjuvant low-dose androgen therapy in patients using a lower-dose of epoetin than the commonly recommended dose on anemia and the nutritional parameters. METHODS: 17 patients of hemoglobin (Hgb) less than 9 g/dL even after being treated with 1,000 U epoetin subcutaneously (s.c.) 3 times per week on a stable status for more than 6 months, who were on hemodialysis at our institution were examined. They were injected with the same dose of epoetin s.c. and nandrolone decanoate 100 mg intramuscularly (i.m) weekly for another 6 months. Blood test was performed every month before therapy for 6 months and after therapy for 6 months and the mean values were reviewed for comparison. RESULTS: Hgb (7.75+/-0.9 vs 8.99+/-1.39 g/dL, p < 0.01) and hematocrit (Hct) (23.68+/-2.85 vs 26.66+/-3.91%, p < 0.01) were apparently changed before and after adjuvant therapy. Hgb and Hct, weekly dose of epoetin were not statistically different in 9 male patients before and after adjuvant therapy. The weekly dose of epoetin was not statistically different in 8 female patients, but Hgb and Hct (8.02+/-0.6 vs 9.72+/-1.31 g/dL, 24.54+/-1.7 vs 28.74+/-3.06%, p < 0.01) were statistically different before and after adjuvant therapy. In comparison between male and female groups, weekly doses of epoetin and nandrolone decanoate were significantly greater in the female group than the male group (epoetin; 50.66+/-6.23 vs 61.18+/-8.76 U/kg/week, nandrolone decanoate; 1.69+/-0.2 vs 2.04+/-0.29 mg/kg/week, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data show that the adjuvant androgen therapy is effective for the anemia of hemodialysis patients who did not recover from anemia even after being continuously treated with low-dose epoetin.

Effects of adjuvant androgen on anemia and nutritional parameters in chronic hemodialysis patients using low-dose recombinant human erythropoietin / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND: Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has become attractive option of anemia therapy in chronic hemodialysis patients, but the use of rHuEPO is primarily limited by its high cost. So, the current cost-containment policy renders valuable any strategies that enhances the erythropoietic response to rHuEPO, thus resulting in lower rHuEPO dosing. Before the widespread availability of rHuEPO, androgen was the mainstay of nontransfusional therapy for the anemia of end-stage renal failure. However, previous studies that used androgen to enhance the response to rHuEPO showed variable results. METHODS: We carried out a prospective study to examine the effect of adjuvant androgen on anemia and nutritional parameters in chronic hemodialysis patients using low-dose rHuEPO. Studies were performed in seventeen hemodialysis patients previously treated with low-dose rHuEPO (1,000 U rHuEPO subcutaneously three times a week), mean hemoglobin < 9.0 g/dL for 6 months (group A: before adjuvant androgen therapy). Same patients received the same dose of rHuEPO plus nandrolone decanoate 100 mg intramuscularly weekly for 6 months (group B: after adjuvant androgen therapy). RESULTS: Transferrin saturation, serum ferritin, intact serum parathyroid hormone, plasma aluminium, ALT, ESR, albumin, PCRn and Kt/V were not significantly changed before and after adjuvant androgen therapy. The increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit in the group B was statistically greater than in the group A, respectively (8.99+/-1.39 g/dL vs 7.75+/-0.90 g/dL; p=0.001, 26.66+/-3.91% vs 23.68+/-2.85%; p= 0.003, respectively). With the exception of mild discomfort at the injected site, there were no significant side effects from nandrolone decanoate. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant androgen in patients treated with low-dose rHuEPO is effective treatment for the anemia of poor responsive patients to low-dose rHuEPO and lower the economical cost compared with the higher dose rHuEPO treatment alone.

Effects of Low-dose Androgen in Combination with Subcutaneous Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) on Anemia and Nutritional Parameters in Hemodialysis Patients / 대한신장학회잡지

Recombinant human erythropoietin(r-HuEPO) is the mainstay of anemia therapy in patient with end stage renal disease(ESRD), but the use of r-HuEPO is primarily limited by its high cost. So, it encourages any strategies that potentially enhance the erythropoietic response. However, studies designed to assess whether androgens would enhance the response to r-HuEPO were inconclusive. While androgens may be less expensive and may improve several nutritional parameters, their potential adverse effects discourage usage. We carried out a prospective study to examine the effect of low-dose androgen in combination with subcutaneous r-HuEPO on anemia and nutritional paramenters in hemodialysis patients. Twenty-four hemodialysis patients with hematocrit <24% or hemoglobin <8.0g/dL were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A(n=12) received 2000U r-HuEPO subcutaneously twice a week for six months. Group B(n=12) received the same dose of r-HuEPO plus nandrolone decanoate 100mg intramuscularly biweekly. Anthropometry, albumin, cholesterol, prealbumin, and transferrin were measured as nutritional parameters. The groups showed no differences in baseline levels of the followings : Hemoglobin, hematocrit; transferrin saturation; serum ferritin; intact serum parathyroid hormon, Kt/V; vitamin B12, folate; nutritional parameters. At the completion of the study, both groups showed significant increase in hematocrit compared with baseline levels(group A 20.7+/-2.2% to 26.0+/-3.8%; group B : 21.5+/-3.5% to 30.1+/-2.8%). The mean hematocrit in group B was significantly higher than in group A after 4 month study period(p<0.05). Ten of 12 patients in group B achieved a target hematocrit of 30%, as compared with four of 12 patients in group A. Both groups didn't show significant changes in any nutritional parameters. No significant side effects of androgen were noted during this short-term study. We conclude that low-dose androgen in combination with subcutaneous r-HuEPO is effetive treatment on anemia in hemodialysis patients, but does not improve nutritional status.